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Education:
Education can be defined as the technique of transmitting civilization. Broadly speaking it can be classified into twin categories of elementary education and higher education. Scholars have always argued differently about education. The illustrious Dr. Mortimer Adler, as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Encyclopedia Britannica, had said once that true education can begin only after one leaves school or college. All that a traditional educational institute – a school or a college can do is to arouse intellectual curiosity and prepare individual for facing the life and subsequently take by oneself lifelong education later.

The purpose of higher education is often misunderstood. A survey conducted in 1998 by the American Council of Education found that a staggeringly high majority of the students said that their objective in education is to make more money. The motive to develop a meaningful philosophy of life ranked the lowest. Actually education is an end in itself and not merely a means to an end of getting financial well-being. In later stage human society has developed education into various formats to ripen knowledge into wisdom. In various countries programs like adult education program and female education have been given greater push.

Over the centuries across the globe the role of Christian missionaries in the field of education has been exemplary. In the third world and developing countries like India the foundation of modern education was laid by the Christian missionaries who took a leading role in the spread of education to underdeveloped, backward and inaccessible areas of the country. The Welsh Presbyterian missionaries set a primary school as far back as 1830 followed by the American Baptist mission schools in 1870.

The Roman Catholic missionaries also started setting up schools during the little part of the last century and played a prominent role in the spread of quality education to various parts of the Asian region. In India the Ramakrishna Mission, a leading Hindu organization, too, has also been contributing in the spread of education in rural areas across the country.

Since Indian independence the Government organizations have been also playing a great promotional role by assisting the management with liberal grants. Almost all primary and middle level schools with private management are given generous financial grants. One of the directive principles of the Indian Constitution under Article 45 calls for free and compulsory education to be provided to all children up to the age of 14 years. Unfortunately pre-10th class drop out rate is higher in India, especially in rural areas. About 40% of school going children drop out before class five. The scene is no different in various other countries both in Asia and other parts of the globe.

Non-Formal Education:
Experts say, it’s only natural that all the requirements in education cannot be fulfilled through formal education. The factors like the increase in enrolment rise in educational cost per student, practical difficulties of distance show that formal education offers certain limitations and there’s no running away from it.

Formal education refers to the pre-primary schooling, ten or twelve years of primary or secondary education, four-year degree program at the colleges and universities or post graduate degrees or diploma programs. In contrast, Non-formal education can be defined as an organized systematic educational activity carried on outside the framework of an established formal system. Non-formal education is often called Social Education and is also life long process, therefore can be called Continuing Education. The typical characteristic of the Non-Formal Education is that it’s flexible, diversified that can satisfy the learners’ needs. It’s also flexible in terms of time, curriculum, place and the type of students. It’s open to all categories of learners irrespective of criteria like age or any other grouping. Non-formal education has several positive sides too. In the recent times, therefore its educational value is on rise in places where various types of technical vocations are gaining ground.

Internationally, a few noted non-formal education institutes can be named are: The Open University in London, The School of Air in Australia and The Open University of England. In India, Indira Gandhi National Open University has made a name by its own merit. In the sphere of non-formal education, some good work being done include those catering to improve the skill of agriculturists besides the likes of those people who are engaged in their profession or improving educational qualifications in mass media, film editing, programs etc. Thus, the importance of non-formal education cannot be sidetracked but operating a non-formal education mechanism is also not without hurdles and problems.

Curriculum :
Curriculum plays an important part in ensuring achieve the goals of education. Curriculum makes education respond to the needs of the society, a country and enable the students to develop their potentials.

Curriculum, according to the likes of scholars Kronenberg Henry and K Bent Rudyard, includes the school environment, involving all the courses, activities, readings etc. Thus, curriculum consists of all academic and non-academic programs of the school. In the recent times, experts are also talking about issues like over-crowding of curriculum, overwhelming domination of examinations, no realization of individual differences and lack of its relevance in day-to-day life. The emphasis, therefore, is that the curriculum should relate to one’s daily life as much as it can relate to the career and academic growth.

Over-Crowding of curriculum:
This is an important area being looked into. The children are often expected to learn many subjects, stick to discipline etc. Hence, experts and education commissions and government sponsored authorities have been also recommending that the curriculum should be framed to the needs of the society and the respective country and the national ethos to improve the conditions of life and give them vocational efficiency.

Women Education and Vernacular Education
No education can be complete without active participation of women and also the spread of education through vernacular languages. In spite of the substantial progress made in education, disparity against women remains. Such disparities are marked in general literacy, enrolment and boys and girls receiving education in different levels and between different ethnic groups. It’s therefore, still desirable in various parts of the globe that female child gets a broad literal education at par with the male child. Traditionally, in a male chauvinists world, parents of various communities dotted across the globe show less interest in sending children for studies. Parents also raise objection in some parts of the world while sending their daughters to co-educational institutes. Among the Muslims, especially, the education of female child has been restricted for long.

By the end of the 20th century, another issue that was widely discussed and debated about is sex education. In many countries, sex education is a curriculum and taught as a full-fledged subject both in junior high school and higher classes. It’s the study of human anatomy, sexual behavior of individuals including stuff like pregnancy, sexual intercourse besides others.
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